Gynecologic Oncology, Reproductive Disorders, Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Obstetrics

Because there are insufficient clinical data, it is unclear how the COVID infection affects pregnancy. According to the information available, COVID-19 infection has an effect on pregnant women that is similar to that of non-pregnant persons. But the impact of this infection on labour is larger. The likelihood of preterm labour is increased in pregnancies in women with COVID-19. It is regarded as the primary effect of COVID-19 infection. According to the findings, the human placenta may include elements that are crucial in the growth of COVID-19.

• Preterm labour
• Human placenta
• COVID-19 infection
• Pregnancy
• Non-pregnant adults

Gynecological procedures are any operations performed by gynaecologists on the female reproductive system. These operations help address the tumour and other infertility-related issues. Any component of the female reproductive system, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva, may be operated on during these gynaecological procedures. The following are examples of common gynaecological surgery.

• Salpingoophorectomy
• Salpingectomy
• Endometrial biopsy
• Uterine myomectomy
• Vulvectomy
• Gynecologic ultrasonography
• Cervical Conization ( LEEP)

Gynecologic Oncology is a subspecialty that deals with the management of gynecological cancers such as ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancers. Maternal/Fetal Medicine is a subspecialty that deals with the cases such as fetal abnormalities and related maternal health care. It also manages the severe pregnancy complications. Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility is a subspecialty that helps to manage infertility and related endocrine conditions that affects the female reproductive system. Breast Disease is a branch that deals with the treatment of breast diseases. Pediatric gynaecology or pediatric gynecology is a subspecialty that deals with the diseases related to vagina, uterus and ovaries of infants. There are many other sub branches which include

• Female Reconstructive Pelvic Surgeon
• Complex Family Planning surgeon
• Minimally-Invasive Gynecologic Surgeon
• Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
• Global Women’s Health

The main medical treatment used in assisted reproductive technology to treat infertility. Intracytoplasmic sperm injections, the in vitro fertilisation process, the cryopreservation of the gametes, and the administration of fertility drugs are the medical procedures involved. Another assisted reproductive method is ovulation induction, in which the ovarian follicles are stimulated by injecting fertility drugs while observing the size of the follicles, the formation of the eggs, and the release of reproductive hormones. Once the eggs are ready, the ovulation process is started with an injection of HCG. The alternative treatments include gamete intrafallopian transfer and mitochondrial replacement therapy. There are very few and few male-specific infertility drugs available.Ovulation induction

• In vitro fertilization
• Cryopreservation
• Mitochondrial replacement therapy
• Human chronic gonadotropin
• Intracytoplasmic sperm injections

Menorrhagia, or heavy menstrual bleeding, is another name for it. The very heavy menstrual flow is what is regarded as an abnormal uterine bleeding. Menorrhagia is typically brought on by hormonal imbalances, anovulation, structural abnormalities in the reproductive tract, and tumours in the reproductive tract. Menstrual bleeding lasts more than seven days in this case, and blood flow is greater than 80 ml. Anaemia, exhaustion, myalgia, and shortness of breath are complications of menorrhagia. Depending on the underlying cause, several drugs are used to treat menorrhagia. However, the drugs that are taken the most frequently are

• Birth control pills
• Tranexamic acid
• Danazol
• Progesterone
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

The inability of an organism to reproduce normally is referred to as infertility. This infertility may result from either male or female infertility, or it may be brought on by issues that both partners are experiencing simultaneously. Alterations in cervical mucus or basal body temperature can be used to identify menstrual cycle changes in women. Infertility can start for a variety of reasons, including immunological infertility, STIs, genetic damage, and other issues. The immunological infertility is the key factor for the majority of couples out of all those. Antisperm antibody production in immunological infertility hinders both the capacitation and acrosome responses, which impairs fertilisation.

• Basal body temperature
• Antisperm antibodies
• Immune infertility
• Syphilis
• Gonorrhea
• Immunoregulatory mechanism

It is characterised as a clinical disorder in which a woman's hormone levels change. It is characterised by higher than normal quantities of male hormones, which cause hormonal abnormalities and menstrual cycles to be skipped. Pelvic ultrasonography is the most popular diagnostic method for detecting it. The development of multiple ovarian cysts, which are immature follicles, gave rise to the syndrome's name. Increased testosterone secretion, in conjunction with luteinizing hormone and the presence of elevated insulin levels, is the primary factor contributing to PCOS development. Oral contraceptives combined with metformin are one of the most often prescribed treatments for PCOS.

• Testosterone
• Luteinizing hormone
• Metformin
• Sex hormone binding globulins
• Oral contraceptives

Imaging technology, pharmacological therapy, endoscopic equipment, and reproductive technologies connected to gynaecology and obstetrics have all advanced significantly over time. Nowadays, all major gynaecological surgeries are being replaced by laparoscopic and hysteroscopy ablative procedures. Another development that is helpful for both long-term menorrhagia treatment and contraception is the intrauterine progestogen releasing device. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and treating male factor infertility are examples of advances in pharmacological therapy.

• Laparoscopy
• Levonorgestrel intrauterine system
• Progestogen
• Contraception
• Hysteroscopy
• Gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist

The term "pregnancy" refers to the time during which the foetus develops and grows inside the mother's womb. This time frame typically lasts nine months or 40 weeks. There are three trimesters to a pregnancy. There are 1–12 weeks in the first trimester. It is the stage where the zygote develops into a foetus from a group of cells. There are up to 28 weeks in the second trimester. In this stage, the fetus's birth abnormalities can be identified by ultrasonography, footprints form, and the sleep-wake cycle starts. There are up to 40 weeks in the third trimester. Babies delivered in week 40 are regarded as being fully-term.

• Trimesters
• Ultra sound scanning
• Uterine contractions
• Placenta
• Oxytocin hormone